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Initial expansion of Islam:


Islam is historically started from the Quran which is a compilations of revelations to Prophet Mohammed during the years 610 CE to 632 CE. It was not written by prophet himself but has been orally transferred to his followers and later has been complied by third khalifa with the help of direct receivers of sermons from Mohammed. A follower of Islam is bound to accept the shahadah which says “there is no god, but god, and Prophet Mohammed is the messenger of the god”. As religion it views world as tawahid, meaning the unity of god and unity of his creation. Its fundamentals consists of ilm (Knowledge), adl (distributive social justice), ijtihad (sustained intellectual reasoning). Din is “way of life” and it is considered to be different in different parts of the world. It emphasizes that all exists shares a basic unity and partakes of a common sacredness, all is interconnected. This new religion has conquered the remaining Arab world which was politically weak. Its expansion into Byzantine (Eastern Roman empire) can be dated to   632 – 634 CE under the 1st khalifa Abu Bakr. Christian forces of Byzantine were defeated in the “Battle of Ajnadain”. The actual expansion has begun under 2nd Khalifa Umaribn al-Khattab. He has expanded Islamic empire to Iraq, Damascus, Jerusalem, and Alexandria by 642 CE. These expansions which are both political and religious have continued till ottoman period.

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